3. Kasutamine probiootikumid põllumajanduses
3.1 Kasutamine probiootikumid aretus tööstus
kasutamine probiootikumid in loom tootmine saab aidata lahendada probleemid sellised nagu antibiootikum kasutamine ja ebaõige toitmine ja juhtimine. At the same time, it can promote animal growth and improve production performance. Like probiootikumid kasutatud in inimesed, toitmine probiootikumid tooted saab ka mängida a roll in promomine immuunsus regulatsioon ja ennetamine soole põletik. et parandada tõhusus loom tootmine ja säilitada loom tervis, it on vajalik to pidevalt pakkuda kvaliteet sööt to loomad ja säilitada hea söötmine ja juhtimine tasemed.
3.1.1 kasutamine probiootikumid kariloomad ja kodulinnud aretus
3.1.1.1 kasutamine probiootikumid in siga aretus
The fermentation bed pig-raising method (ecological pig-raising method) is a new feeding method that has emerged in recent years. Its unique feature is the use of fermentation bed technology. The fermentation bed model is on thick bedding (compost) laid in the barn. This is a feeding method in which livestock is raised, excrement and litter are mixed and fermented, and livestock feeding and excrement treatment are completed simultaneously in the barn. The pigs are raised on the fermentation bed, and the feces and urine discharged by the pigs are decomposed and absorbed by microorganisms in the litter promptly. There is no need to flush the pig house, and no feces, urine, and sewage are discharged outward, forming a zero-emission environment with no pollution, no emissions, and no odor. Clean production controls the environmental pollution caused by pig raising from the source to achieve the purpose of environmentally friendly pig raising. The fermentation bed feeding method can effectively degrade and digest livestock manure. The fermentation bed can ensure animal welfare. The goal of animal welfare is to maintain animal happiness. Physical health and psychological well-being are hallmarks of animal welfare. Using fermentation beds to raise pigs has the following advantages.
① Täielikult Solve the environmental pollution caused by pig raising. Sest the litter contains special active kasulik mikroorganismid, it can kiiresti ja tõhusalt lagunevad ja digest siga fekaalid ja uriin. On ei vajadus puhastada ja loputus siga pens igay day, and no reovesi või jäätmed is heide from the sea farm.
② Vähendage haigusi ja parandage sealiha kvaliteet. Käärimine voodi siga kasvatamine tehnoloogia taastab loomulik elamine harjumused sead söötmiseks ja vähendab stress; siga maja on ventileeritud, temperatuur ja niiskus on sobiv sea kasv, the keha's haigus resistentsus on tugevnenud, ja esinemissagedus on vähendatud, eriti hingamisteed haigused ja seedetrakt haigused on oluliselt vähenenud võrreldud koos traditsiooniline toitmine mudel. Antibiootikumid ja muud ravimid on ei kasutata, mis parandab kvaliteet sealiha.
③Improve feed utilization. Special feed probiootikumid for fermentatsioon voodid on lisatud to the feed in a certain proportsioon. Through interaktsioon, metaboliidid, and proteaasid, amülaas, fiberase, etc. are toodetud. At the same time, hapnik in in the the nature is tarbitud, loomine a hea keskkond for the growth and paljunemine piimhape bakterid. The keskkond paraneb the insee soole funktsioon sea ja suureneb sööt konversiooni kurss.
④ Säästa tööjõud ja kulu ja paranemine efektiivsus. Sest mikroobne käärimine voodi siga kasvatus tehnoloogia ei nõua loputamine siga maja ja eemaldamine siga sõnnik iga päev, see säästab a palju vesi ressursid; esinemissagedus sea haigused on vähendatud, vähendamine meditsiiniline investeering; at the same aeg, automaat söötmine ja automaatne joomine vesi tehnoloogiad on vastuvõetud et saavutada eesmärk säästmine tööjõud. eesmärk kohta lühend.
⑤ Muuda jäätmed aare. Pärast 3 to 5 aastat kasuta, pesakond tahe vorm bioorgaaniline väetis see saab olla otse kasutada on puuviljad puud ja põllukultuurid, saavutamine ringlussevõtt ja muutmine jäätmed aare.
Lisa Bacillus, pärm, ja piimhape bakter bakterid to käärimine voodi, segu saepuru, mais õled, ja maapähkel kestad in a suhe of 3:1:1, add 0.3% kliid, 0.3% maisijahu, 0.2% jäme sool, ja fermentatsioon põhinev on the total weight of the litter. 2% of the bacterial liquid was used as bedding after piisav käärimine rohkem kui pool a kuu. Landrace sead olid kasvatatud. Kaal juurdekasv määr test rühm oli oluliselt suurenenud 4,56% võrreldud koos kontroll rühm (P<0.01), and the feed-to-weight ratio was significantly reduced by 0.12. Probiotics can significantly improve the weight gain rate and feed utilization rate of pigs raised in fermentation beds. The antibody-positive rate of pigs fed with probiotics was 79.82%, which was extremely significantly higher than that of the control group (60.00%) (P<0.05). Increases antibody levels in circulating blood. Newborn piglets are easily infected by hemorrhagic Escherichia coli and suffer from piglet colibacillosis, which is an acute inflammatory disease of the digestive system. The lesions are mainly in the duodenum. The duration of the disease is generally 1 to 3 days, and the morbidity and mortality rates are generally high. It is very high and has serious harm to pig production. Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus casei, Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis can be effectively added to the diet. Maintain the balance of intestinal flora and prevent and treat enteritis. Probiotics can compete with pathogenic bacteria in the intestine for intestinal mucosal surface receptors and intestinal nutrients, forming an effective barrier to resist the invasion of pathogenic bacteria. However, whether taking probiotic additives is effective for animals also depends on factors such as feeding dosage, bacterial strain type, and genetic background of the animal.
Probiotics also have a preventive and therapeutic effect on allergic diseases in pigs. In 2010, Debra J. Thomas and others used 12 SPF three-way hybrid pigs (Duroc pigs as the male parent, and binary crosses of Yorkshire pigs and Landrace pigs as the female parent). This), Lactobacillus rhamnosus and vanilla pudding are mixed, and the daily intake of bacteria per pig is about 1*1010CFU/kg. Piglets will be gradually weaned on the 21st day after birth and transition to adult pig feed, and will completely consume adult pig feed on the 35th day. The piglets were divided into two groups after reaching 21 days of age. The 6 piglets in the experimental group ate vanilla pudding containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus, while the control group ate ordinary vanilla pudding until the end of the 70th day of the experiment. The sensitization process of piglets also started on the 21st day after birth. On the 21st and 35th day, 2 mL of an injection containing 1.0 Ascaris suum allergen with alum as an adjuvant was intramuscularly injected on the 49th day. On day 63, 5 mL of sterile saline containing 1.0 mg of Ascaris suum allergen was sprayed into the lower respiratory tract of the piglets through tracheal intubation. To ensure animal welfare, the animals were anesthetized before tracheal intubation. Test results show that Lactobacillus rhamnosus is effective in alleviating allergic reactions in the skin and lungs of allergic model animals. At the same time, it can also increase the secretion of interferon IFN-r, which is beneficial to inducing Thl responses and can alleviate allergic reactions. Strength of.
3.1.1.2 kasutamine probiootikumid sisse- kodulinnud aretus
In poultry production, the use of antibiotics can promote the improvement of animal performance, but excessive use of antibiotics risks inducing the development of drug-resistant strains. Lei Yan et al. found that using a mixture of lactic acid bacteria and yeast compared with adding antibiotics (chlortetracycline), both antibiotics and probiotics can promote the growth of broilers. In terms of the degree of improvement in weight gain, the effect of probiotics is slightly lower than that of adding antibiotics (chlortetracycline). Antibiotics; judging from the degree of improvement in the feed-to-meat ratio, adding 0.05% to 0.2% probiotics is slightly better than antibiotics. The effect of probiotics in the early stage of feeding is greater than that in the later stage. Probiotics can increase the activity of jejunal amylase and lipase, improve intestinal morphology, increase cecal butyric acid content, tend to reduce Escherichia coli in rectal feces, and increase the number of Lactobacillus, improve intestinal flora, improve intestinal Microbial diversity and maintenance of microbial flora stability.
<0.05); it can significantly increase the contents of total protein, "a-amylase, cholinesterase, lactate dehydrogenase and other enzymes in the serum of broiler chickens (P <0.05); significantly reduces the glucose content in serum (P<0.05); promotes the development of the spleen, bursa of Fabricius and thymus. Lactobacillus and Bacillus are the two earliest feeds announced in my country that can be used directly Grade microbial additive strains, many studies have shown that they can improve body metabolism, promote the proliferation of intestinal beneficial bacteria, inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria and enhance the body's immunity. Research by Li Shupeng and others found that probiotics can significantly increase the weekly weight gain of Hyline egg chicks ( P<0.05). Reduce feed consumption (P<0.05). Reduce feed-to-meat ratio (P<0.05). Bacillus subtilis can significantly increase broiler body weight, daily weight gain, and feed conversion rate, and can significantly reduce 1 ~ Diarrhea rate at 21 days of age, compared with Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus cereus, the effect of reducing mortality and morbidity is more obvious, significantly reducing the number of E. coli in the cecum at 14 days of age and 21 days of age, and promoting 14 days of age. , the growth of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in the cecum of 21-day-old and 42-day-old. Bacillus licheniformis group promotes the growth of Lactobacillus in the cecum of 21-day and 42-day-old, and Bacillus cereus can promote the growth of Lactobacillus in the cecum of 21-day-old. growth. Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis significantly increased the spleen index and thymus index of 21-day-old broiler chickens. When Bacillus cereus was 21 days old, the spleen index and thymus index of broiler chickens were slightly higher than those of the control group, and the differences were not significant.
In the production of laying hens, probiotics also have good applications. Lactic acid bacteria preparations are added to the diet of laying hens. Lactic acid bacteria and other beneficial microorganisms can grow and reproduce in the intestines and produce a variety of enzymes, which are beneficial to degrading the protein in the feed. , fats, and sugars. At the same time, beneficial bacteria can also produce various nutrients in the animal body, such as B vitamins, amino acids, unknown growth-promoting factors, etc., thereby enhancing the nutritional metabolism of the animal body and promoting the growth of the animal. The beneficial bacteria are also involved in the metabolism of bile, and cholesterol During the metabolism and hormone conversion process, the short-chain fatty acids and lactic acid produced by metabolism provide an acidic environment for the digestive tract, which helps digestive enzymes decompose nutrients. Pedroso et al. reported that during the breeding period of hens, feeding lactic acid bacteria microbial preparations can increase feed consumption and feed conversion efficiency, but does not affect weight gain; during the laying period, egg weight is affected by protein and microbial levels, and the use of probiotics Bacteria can increase eggshell thickness.
3.1.1.3 kasutamine probiootikumid vesiviljeluses
Probiootikumid mäng a eluline roll in säästev vesiviljelus. Nad võivad märkimisväärselt suurendada sööt kasutamine määr vee loomad, parandada nende seedimine ja imendumine funktsioonid, ja saab ka parandada nende immuunsus poolt stimuleerides immuun süsteem vee loomad ja kaitsevad nende vastu mõju säilitada tervis vee loomad on on ilmne. In addition, probiootikumid can ka vähendada the sisaldus saasteained in the water and significantly parandada the quality of breeding water. It can be seen from a large of studies that kuigi basic research on probiootikumid in sustainable aquaculture is on üha enam ulatuslik, seal on ikka puudused in the selection of water-borne probiootikumid, the improvement of related probiotic properties, and their promotion and application. Seega, the sustainable development of aquaculture is promoted based enfercing the probiotic properties related to probiootikumid.
3.2 kasutamine probiootikumid istutus tööstus
The safe production of agricultural products in my country mainly faces three challenges. First, the long-term excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides not only leads to soil nutrient imbalance, soil fertility, and organic matter decline, making soil and water environmental pollution problems increasingly prominent, but the residues of a large number of toxic and harmful substances also bring serious safety hazards, affecting agricultural products and Environmental safety is threatened. The second is the abuse of antibiotics in industrialized farming. The "China Antibiotic List" produced by the Ying Guangguo research group of the Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences shows that most of the antibiotics taken by humans and farmed animals are excreted in their original form, enter the water environment, and then enter the human body through aquatic products and other foods. At the same time, eating livestock and poultry food containing antibiotic residues is also the main channel for antibiotics to enter the human body. Third, agricultural non-point source pollution is serious. Our country's rural public service facilities are very weak, which is a shortcoming in building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way, and rural domestic sewage treatment facilities are a shortcoming in this shortcoming.
Probiootikumid võib suurendada the survival rate of of seemikud, enhance taim ainevahetus, soodustada fotosünteesi, tugevdada kaitsev kile of lehed, vastupanu patogeenne bakter, soodustada juur kasv, and edasijõud the küpsus periood; parandada muld mikroökoloogiline keskkond, inhibeerida juur mäda, summutamine, ja establishment. lõhenemine, ennetamine esinemine haigused sellised nagu puuviljad puu kanarbik, mäda, ja köögivili juur mäda; toota antibakteriaalne ained, inhibeerimine paljunemine mikroorganismid, toota kasulik ained, ennetada ja ravida erinevad seen ja bakteriaalsed haigused põllukultuurid; soodustada koostoime vahel kasulik bakterid ja aktinomükeedid sees mullas bakterid ja muud bakterid kooseksisteerida ja paljuneda et vorm a hea füüsiline keskkond, suurenemine muld viljakus, ja täielikult parandamine mulla omadused; tugevdamine taimed, saagikus, paranemine kvaliteet, ja vähendamine arv keemilised väetised ja pestitsiidid.
4. Kasutamine probiootikumid kosmeetikas ja nahk hooldus
Nahaelanik bakterid koloniseerimine nahk pind ja stimulaat nahk rakud to toode immuunsus süsteemid läbi eri komponendid rakk ja sekretsioon antimikroobsed peptiidid ja defensiinid to säilitamine nahk tervis. Millal nahk probleemid tekivad, on üks käsi, see võib olla see arv arv resident taime ja probiootikumid on mitte piisavalt, lubamine kahjulik bakterid to võtta eelis sellest; on the other hand, there may wounds on the skin surface, allow harmful bacteria to enter the skin and cause negative effects.
A võti punkt in terve reaktsioon protsess on retseptor äratundmine. Mikroorganismid kasutamine erilised komponendid of rakk ja vabanemine antimikroobsed peptiidid ja muud ained nagu signaalid to edastamine to nahk. Seega, in protsess of immuunsus äratundmine, rakk sein komponendid ja antimikroobsed peptiidid mäng väga olulised rollid.
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